Multi-stage Biological Weapons

[Michigan Swamp Buck]

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Synthetic Biology Enables the Design and Development of Biological Weapons

In 1997, a team of accomplished scientists within a group known as the JASONf group met to discuss the future of biological warfare.10 They identified six emerging biological threats that needed to be monitored by military planners and strategists:
(1) the development of binary weapons,g
(2) the construction of designer genes,
(3) the use of gene therapy as a weapon,
(4) the development of viruses that evade the immune response of the host,
(5) the use of viruses that can move between insects, animals, and humans, and
(6) the development of designer diseases.

ctc.usma.edu

Techniques to Enhance Efficacy of Bioweapons
Scientists and genetic engineers are considering several techniques to increase the efficacy of pathogens in warfare.
1. Binary Biological Weapons
This technique involves inserting plasmids, small bacterial DNA fragments, into the DNA of other bacteria in order to increase virulence or other pathogenic properties within the host bacteria (2).
2. Designer Genes
According to the European Bioinformatics Institute, as of December 2012, scientists had sequenced the genomes of 3139 viruses, 1016 plasmids, and 2167 bacteria, some of which are published on the internet and are therefore accessible to the public (6). With complete genomes available and the aforementioned advances in gene synthesis, scientists will soon be able to design pathogens by creating synthetic genes, synthetic viruses, and possibly entirely new organisms (2).
3. Gene Therapy
Gene therapy involves repairing or replacing a gene of an organism, permanently changing its genetic composition. By replacing existing genes with harmful genes, this technique can be used to manufacture bioweapons (2).
4. Stealth Viruses
Stealth viruses are viral infections that enter cells and remain dormant for an extended amount of time until triggered externally to cause disease. In the context of warfare, these viruses could be spread to a large population, and activation could either be delayed or used as a threat for blackmail (2).
5. Host-Swapping Diseases
Much like the naturally occurring West Nile and Ebola viruses, animal viruses could potentially be genetically modified and developed to infect humans as a potent biowarfare tactic (2).
6. Designer Diseases
Biotechnology may be used to manipulate cellular mechanisms to cause disease. For example, an agent could be designed to induce cells to multiply uncontrollably, as in cancer, or to initiate apoptosis, programmed cell death (2).
7. Personalized Bioweapons
In coming years it may be conceivable to design a pathogen that targets a specific person’s genome. This agent may spread through populations showing minimal or no symptoms, yet it would be fatal to the intended target (4).

sites.dartmouth.edu